7 paeva Slim Down PDF TIU. Laokahjurite tunnustamise juhend Koostas: Tiiu Annuk, a. - PDF Free Download

Mardikad on nii taim kui röövtoidulised, kahjustavad mõlemad arengujärgud. Ja sulle, Piret? Peamised keemilised komponendid: Aldehüüdid ; fenoolid; alkoholid; seskviterpeenid. There are not very 39 32 Unit 3: Kohvikus many words where both variants are in use. See unikaalne tsitruseõli on tuntud oma antibiootiliste ja antiseptiliste ning valuvaigistava ja spasme leevandava toime poolest.

There is no separate accusative or object case in Estonian; instead the genitive 40 Unit 3: In a café 33 is used when the object of the verb is perceived as total rather than partial. Verb objects in Estonian: the genitive and partitive cases Study these examples: Loen raamatut. Loen ühe raamatu. I m reading a book and haven t finished; partitive case. Loen raamatu läbi. I read a book through to the end, genitive case. As we have already seen with the partitive case, some verbs govern the partitive when the object is seen as being partial; all other direct objects of verbs take the genitive case.

Note the difference between these two sentences: Tõnu ostab lehe. Tõnu loeb lehte. Tõnu buys a newspaper. Another difference between the use of the genitive and the partitive in Estonian is that the partitive is preferred with verbs of thinking, perceiving and feeling, especially if the object is a person.

As you will see from the vocabulary lists, sometimes the genitive and partitive forms are identical anyway. Exercise 1 See if you can guess which form the object takes in the sentences below. Note the new vocabulary. Although there are fourteen noun cases in Estonian, you will be relieved to know that the only ones that present any problems for the learner are the two that we have now encountered: the genitive and the partitive.

Laokahjurite tunnustamise juhend Koostas: Tiiu Annuk, 2019.a.

The majority of the rest are easy to use and recognize because their endings are added to the genitive stem. With this knowledge we can now go ahead and tackle some of the other cases. To and for Palun mulle üks must kohv. Ja sulle? One black coffee for me, please. And for you?

dōterra EETERLIKUD ÕLID

In the shorter forms, mulle and sulle, there is an additional l. Further examples: Tõnu helistab Piretile. Kas tema kirjutab mulle? Ma pean minema rongi peale.

Kasutaja:Estopedist1/Oskussõnastikud valdkonniti

Tõnu rings to Piret. Is he writing to me? I have to go to the train. With Mulle kohv koorega.

Coffee with cream for me. Are you travelling by train? Another case that is formed from the genitive stem is the comitative, whose characteristic ending is always -ga. Its use corresponds to with or by means of in English. Further examples: Ta tuleb koju sõbraga. Ta tahab kohvi saiaga. Me sõidame Tartusse autoga. He s coming home with a friend.

She wants coffee with a bun. We re travelling to Tartu by car. Kas sa räägid minuga? Will you tell me?

Kasutaja:Estopedist1/Oskussõnastikud valdkonniti – Vikipeedia

In the dialogue, Piret orders a kreemikook, a cream cake. Notice how the first noun in the compound appears in the genitive, kreemi. This is the usual way to form compounds in Estonian. We can form more compounds from the vocabulary we have. In pronouncing compound nouns, remember that the stress falls on the first syllable of each element. In some cases the syllable division may be between two vowels: be careful to pronounce them separately.

Tõnu Kõrvits

From Kas film oli sinu meelest huvitav? Was the film interesting in your opinion from your mind? Yet another Estonian case formed from the genitive stem is the elative, whose ending is -st.

It roughly corresponds to the English prepositions from or about in usage. But there are many idioms in Estonian which do not correspond so readily to English prepositional use. Here the elative is used with the word meel mind in the genitive almost like the English phrase to my mind Tema meelest on kohv hea koorega.

I thought the trip was long and not very interesting. She thinks coffee is good with cream. This case also means from in the purely physical sense too: Ta läheb majast välja. Ma sõidan Tartust Tallinna. I am travelling from Tartu to Tallinn. To take the example lubada promise we find: mina lubasin sina lubasid tema lubas meie lubasime teie lubasite nemad lubasid Piret helistas koju.

Ma lubasin varsti koju minna. Film oli väga pikk. Piret rang home.

Colloquial. Estonian

She learned Estonian very well. I promised to go home soon. The film was very long. We will look at the past tense in more detail in later units. Verbs used with other verbs The infinitive of a verb is the basic uninflected form, and is the form which appears in dictionaries: to see, to hear and so on.

The -ma form is only used when the verb follows, or is governed by, certain other verbs; for example, Ma pean minema. I have to go. Compare that with this sentence: Ma tahan minna. I want to go.

In the dialogue we find sõitma to travel ; the -da form is sõita. It might be helpful to remember that whereas -da means simply to do something, -ma means something like in order to do something. In other words, it is always governed by another verb that comes before it. In this case, sõitma is part of the phrase ma pean sõitma I have to travel.

Pidama is one of a range of verbs that can govern other verbs in this way. A common way of Looduslik rasvapoleti omatehtud I must or I have to in Estonian is ma pean Further examples are as follows.

Note that it is usual to put the main verb at the end of the main clause. Mina pean varsti helistama, aga sina võid helistada hiljem. Me peame koos kinno minema.

I have to ring soon, but you can ring later. We must go to the cinema together. Cardinal numbers CD 1; 14 The numbers from one to ten in Estonian can take case endings, just as adjectives can, and in the nominative and genitive they are: üks, ühe one kuus, kuue six kaks, kahe two seitse, seitsme seven kolm, kolme three kaheksa, eight neli, nelja four üheksa, nine viis, viie five kümme, kümne ten Notice that the nouns that follow the numbers two and above appear in the partitive singular: viis tundi five hours tundi is the partitive singular form of tund ; seitse linna seven towns ; kuus kooli six schools.

Ja, Piret? Kas film huvitav? Jah, meeldiv, aga ma liiga. Kus sa? Ma elan Tartus. Kas sa rongiga? Example: Ma sõidan rongiga. Ma pean sõitma rongiga. I travel by train. I have to travel by train. Ma tean, kus see on. Wait for me. Where was she? Exercise 6 Write out what you would have ordered if 7 paeva Slim Down PDF TIU had been in the café that Piret and Tõnu visited. You will find useful words in the glossary at the end of the book.

Use full sentences. Example: Palun mulle üks kohv ja üks saiake. They get ready to leave the café. Vabanda, aga ma pean koju minema. Jah, ka minul on homme pikk tööpäev. Aga ülehomme on mul vaba päev.

Kas sa tunned minu sõpra Inglismaalt? Tema on ka Tartu Ülikooli üliõpilane. Mis tema nimi on? Ta nimi on Paul. Ei, ma ei tunne teda. Ma võin teda sulle tutvustada. Ta sõidab ülehomme bussiga Tartusse ja ma lubasin temaga kaasa minna. It s already ten o clock! Sorry, but I have to go home. Yes, I ve got a long working day tomorrow too. But the day after tomorrow I have a free day.

Do you know my friend from England? He s also a student at Tartu University. What s his name?

His name is Paul. No, I don t know him.

Migratsioonialane oskussõnastik. Kodakondsus- ja Migratsiooniamet, Eesti Õigustõlke Keskus.

I can introduce him to you. He s travelling to Tartu the day after tomorrow by bus, and I ve promised to come with him. But in Estonian one can also choose between the familiar singular and polite plural forms: Vabanda!

Or you can use the more neutral expression Vabandust! How to give commands In Unit 2 we learned the polite, plural form of the imperative mood of the verb, used in making commands. The more familiar, intimate form of the imperative is formed simply by dropping the presenttense endings; it is the same as the present stem. But remember that the stem of the polite form of the imperative Unit 2, Making commands is formed from the stem of the -ma infinitive.

Compare these forms: Sina Teie helista ring helistage kutsu invite kutsuge oota wait oodake räägi speak rääkige tule come tulge vabanda excuse me vabandage You will notice that the ending for the polite form is not always -ge; sometimes it is -ke instead. Often the preceding consonant in the stem is b, d or g, but not always: hüpake jump ; compare the first and second infinitives hüpata and hüppama.

To have Minul on pikk tööpäev. Sinul on kaks venda. I have a long working day. You have two brothers. Its nearest equivalent in English is the preposition on in both the spatial and the temporal sense : Õhtul on huvitav film. Laual on klaas vett. In the evening there is an interesting film. On the table is a glass of water. But it also has an important extra function: to have. The usual Estonian corresponding to the English verb to have is the adessive case pl 3.0 rasva poletamine Protokoli the word that refers to the possessor, followed by a form of the verb olema to be.

Temal on pikk tööpäev. Meil oli huvitav rongisõit. Sinul on kaks tundi aega. Exercise 7 She has a long working day. We had an interesting train trip. You have two hours time. Translate into Estonian: 1 I lived in Rakvere. Consonant gradation The difference between the -pp- of the infinitive õppima and the single -p- in the present-tense forms is an instance of the phenomenon of consonant gradation, which is an integral part of Estonian grammar and applies to all declinable classes of words.

We shall be returning to consonant gradation again later as we meet it in various forms. Definiteness and indefiniteness Ma olen õpilane. I am a student. Noun cases Estonian has a system of noun cases which largely do the work that prepositions do in English. The nominative case, which represents the subject of the sentence, is the basic form given in the glossaries, and it has no particular characteristic ending: õpilane, ülikool, kaubamaja, Piret and so on.

Thus in the example given above, Ma olen õpilane, both ma and õpilane appear in the nominative case. There are fourteen commonly used noun cases in Estonian, and we shall meet them all in 7 paeva Slim Down PDF TIU course of the units. The genitive form usually ends in a vowel, and because of its importance in forming other cases, you will find the genitive form given after the nominative form for all nouns listed in the glossaries.

Tartu, lk standardimine [ muuda muuda lähteteksti ] mingi teatud valdkonna standard id on paigutatud sageli vastava valdkonna juurde Standardimine ja standardimisega seotud tegevused.

Tallinn: Eesti Standardiamet, Tallinn: Eesti Standardikeskus, II,[2] lk. Koostanud Aleksandr Astaškin, Feliks Virma. Tartu: Halo, Autorid: Hannes Kuhlbach kinnisvaraMargit Saar kindlustusMarje Einre raamatupidamineKristin Kuusk lepinguõigus ja äriseadustikLaudare Erakooli õppejõud arhiivindus, asjaajamine, töökorraldus ja suhted büroosKlaire Kolmann keelekasutus ja teksti toimetamine, inglise-eesti-inglise ärisõnastik.

Tallinn: Estada, Inglise-eesti-inglise sõnastik. Ants Pihlak, Ly Krikk. English-Estonian, Estonian-English business glossary. Tallinn: OÜ Festart, Klaire Kolmann. Tallinn: Estada Kirjastus, Tallinn: Ilo, PDF vaadatud Koostaja Eve Raeste. Tallinn: Festart, Tallinn: Kirjastus Festart, Uus inglise-eesti majandussõnaraamat. Helle Vissak. Elutsükkel suvel umbes 5 nädalat, madalamatel temperatuuridel isegi kuni 20 nädalat.

Täiskasvanud eluiga kuni 8 kuud peale terast väljumist. Mardikas puurib munemiseks 7 paeva Slim Down PDF TIU kärsaga teradesse augud ja muneb sinna, tavaliselt üks muna igasse terasse.

Emane eritab sültjat sekretsiooni ning mätsib munemise augu kinni. Teine emane tunneb terasse munetud seemne ära, seega kunagi ei muneta teist muna samasse seemnesse. Nii kõrgetel kui madalatel temperatuuridel on mardika eluiga lühike, kuid ta kompenseerib selle munemise kiirusega.

Mardikas sööb teradesse erineva suurusega augud. Teri kahjustab ka kärsaka vastne. Terve vastse eluiga möödub ühes teras, kus ta toitub tera sisemusest, seejärel nukkub teras.

Pele nukkumist närib mardikas terasse augu ning väljub seemnest. Üldiselt on neid harva näha väljaspool viljatera. Vastne sööb terad seest tühjaks, jättes järele terakestad.

Tavaliselt on terade pinnal märgata sagrised narmendavad sisse ja väljapääsu avad. Nakatumise võib põhjustada terade kuumenemist ja niiskustingimuste muutumist. Oma elutegevusega soodustab lestade arenemisvõimalusi ning selle tagajärjel terad kuumenevad ja võivad hallitada.

Vältimine ja tõrje. Seemnevili säilitada jahadas või osta väiksemates kogustes. Kahjurit on raske avastada. Kui on tekkinud kahtlus, tuleb hoolikalt uurida putukaid või auke terades. Teine meetod on kasta terad vette, kui terad tõusevad pinnale on see kindel märk, et vili on nakatunud.

Isegi kui kahjustused avastatakse varakul on ainus efektiivne viis vili hävitada.

Estonian choices influencing the Debate on the Future of Europe

Vili fumigeerida. Desinfektsiooni võivad teostada ainult firmad, kellel on vastav sertifikaat ja erivarustus. Need firmad, kes võivad väga mürgiseid taimekaitsevahendeid kasutada on registrisse kantud ja leitavad Põllumajandusameti kodulehelt: Et saavutada desinfektsioonis head tulemust, peavad ruumid olema eelnevalt koristatud tolmust ja muust prahist. Harilik jahumardikas Tenebrio molitor Valmikud kuni 15 mm pikkused, täiskasvanult tumepruunid mardikad.

Noormardikad musta värvi. Emase viljakus muna. Vastsed kuni 30 mm helekollased tumeda peaga pimedad tõugud. Nukud algul valged hiljem pruunikaskollased. Üks põlvkond 2. Vilja kahjustab nii valmik kui vastne. Emane muneb kuni muna taarale või otse teraviljasaadustesse. Vastsed kooruvad munadest päeva pärast º C juures.

Vastsejärk on väga pikk, päeva. Tõugud taluvad hästi madalaid temperatuure - 5 ºC elavad mitu kuud. Kahe aasta jooksul üks põlvkond. Täiskasvanud harilikud jahumardikad elavad kuud. Täiskasvanud jahumardikas armastab öist valgustust, on tugev lendaja ning teda võib leida pimedates kohtades. Ta toitub niisketes toiduainetes ja ei suuda areneda troopilises keskkonnas. Kuna harilik jahumardikas kahjustab vana teravilja, mis on sageli eelnevalt teiste putukate poolt kahjustatud, tuleb jälgida, et uue vilja sisse toomisel lattu poleks vana vilja, mis võib olla juba kahjustatud.

Seega on odavaim meetod profülaktiline tõrje tühjas hoidlas iga aasta enne uue vilja sissetulekut. Väike-jahumardikas Tribolium destructor Mardikad umbes 5 mm pikkune, mustjaspruuni värvusega. Munevad produktidesse, seemnetele, põranda ja puidu pragudesse.